Substrate treating composition and method for fabricating a semiconductor device using the same

ABSTRACT

Provided is a substrate treating composition. The substrate treating composition includes a first monomer, a second monomer and an acid. The first monomer is represented by Formula 1 and the second monomer is represented by Formula 7. The molecular weight of the solid content of the substrate treating composition including the first monomer, the second monomer and the acid is from about 1,000 g/mol to about 50,000 g/mol.
 
X—Si(R1) 2 (R2)  [Formula 1]
 
Y—Si(R3) 3   [Formula 7]

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2018-0043246, filed on Apr. 13, 2018, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept relate to a substrate treating composition, and more particularly, to a method for fabricating a semiconductor device using the same.

DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART

Recently, according to the increase of speed and the decrease of power consumption in electronic devices, semiconductor devices embedded therein may have relatively rapid operation speed and/or relativity low operation voltage. Thus, semiconductor devices may be relatively highly integrated. Accordingly, increasingly minute processing techniques have been developed. For example, a photolithography for fabricating semiconductor devices may be employed to increase the integration degree of semiconductor devices.

Photolithography is an exemplary method used for forming relatively minute electronic circuit patterns on a substrate during fabricating a semiconductor device. For example, photolithography is a process of transcribing the circuit patterns of a mask to a substrate by transcribing light via the mask on which circuits are printed to a substrate on which a photosensitive material is applied. Light sources used in a photolithography process include G-LINE, I-LINE, KrF, or ArF. According to the miniaturization of the patterns of electronic circuits, relatively minute and elaborate photoresist patterns may be formed by using extreme UV (EUV).

SUMMARY

An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides a substrate treating composition for forming a monolayer which may restrain the collapse of a resist pattern.

An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides a method for fabricating a semiconductor device which may more accurately and reliably form minute patterns.

An exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept provides a substrate treating composition includes a first monomer, a second monomer and an acid. The first monomer is represented by Formula 1. X—Si(R1)₂(R2)  [Formula 1]

Each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and X is i) a cyclic amine or an organic group including the same, or ii) an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group, a phenyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group or a hydroxyl group, an ester bond, or a combination thereof.

The second monomer is represented by Formula 7. Y—Si(R3)₃  [Formula 7]

R3 is an alkoxy group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and Y is i) a cyclic amine or an organic group including the same, or ii) an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group, a sulfide bond, an ether bond, an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is bonded to a sulfonyl group, or a combination thereof.

A molecular weight of a solid content of the substrate treating composition including the first monomer, the second monomer and the acid may be from about 1,000 g/mol to about 50,000 g/mol.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes applying a composition including a first monomer and a second monomer on a substrate. The method includes performing a baking process to form a monolayer on the substrate. The method includes forming a photoresist pattern on the monolayer. The first monomer is represented by Formula 1, and the second monomer is represented by Formula 7. The monolayer includes a dehydration-condensation product of the first monomer and the second monomer.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes applying a composition including a first monomer and a second monomer on a substrate. The method includes performing a baking process to form a monolayer on the substrate, in which the monolayer is bonded to the substrate by a Si—O bond. The first monomer is represented by Formula 1, and the second monomer is represented by Formula 7.

The monolayer may be formed directly on a surface of the substrate without an intervening layer between the monolayer and the substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The above and other features of the inventive concept will become more apparent by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for fabricating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept;

FIGS. 2, 4, 5 and 6 are cross-sectional views of a method for fabricating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept; and

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of area A in FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept will be described below in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In this regard, the exemplary embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept described herein.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, a substrate treating composition may include a first monomer, a second monomer, an acid and a solvent. The acid may be a carboxylic acid, for example, maleic acid. The solvent may include at least one of propylene glycol ethyl ether (PGEE), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PGMEA), propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME), or de-ionized water.

The first monomer may be an organic silane of Formula 1. X—Si(R1)₂(R2)  [Formula 1]

In Formula 1, each of R1 and R2 may be an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and X may be i) a cyclic amine or an organic group including the same, or ii) an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group, a phenyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group or a hydroxyl group, an ester bond, or a combination thereof.

Each of R1 and R2 in Formula 1 may be bonded to a Si atom via a Si—C or Si—O bond. X in Formula 1 may be bonded to a Si atom via a Si—C bond.

X in Formula 1 may have a structure of Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula 5, or Formula 6:

The first monomer may be, for example, an organic silane of Formula 1-1, Formula 1-2, Formula 1-3, Formula 1-4, Formula 1-5, or Formula 1-6:

in which R may be an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms,

in which R may be an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms,

The second monomer may be an organic silane of Formula 7. Y—Si(R3)₃  [Formula 7]

In Formula 7, R3 may be an alkoxy group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and Y may be i) a cyclic amine or an organic group including the same, or ii) an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group, a sulfide bond, an ether bond, an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is bonded to a sulfonyl group, or a combination thereof.

R3 of Formula 7 may be bonded to a Si atom via a Si—O bond, and Y of Formula 7 may be bonded to a Si atom via a Si—C bond.

Y of Formula 7 may have a structure of Formula 8, Formula 9, Formula 10, Formula 11, Formula 12, or Formula 13.

in which Ts is a p-toluenesulfonyl group.

in which Ms is a methanesulfonyl group.

in which Ms is a methanesulfonyl group.

—(CH₂)₃—NH₂  [Formula 13]

The second monomer may be, for example, an organic silane of Formula 7-1, Formula 7-2, Formula 7-3, Formula 7-4, Formula 7-5, or Formula 7-6.

in which Ts is a p-toluenesulfonyl group.

in which Ms is a methanesulfonyl group.

in which Ms is a methanesulfonyl group.

a molecular weight of a solid content of the substrate treating composition may be from about 1,000 g/mol to about 100,000 g/mol. The solid content may be the total components of the substrate treating composition excluding the solvent. The solid content may include the first monomer, the second monomer and the acid. The molecular weight of the solid content may be, for example, from about 1,000 g/mol to about 50,000 g/mol. If the molecular weight of the solid content is more than 100,000 g/mol, the substrate treating composition may form a gel and the performance of a coating process which will be described in more detail below, may deteriorate. For example, a viscosity of the substrate treating composition may be higher than desired if the molecular weight of the solid content is more than 100,000 g/mol. If the molecular weight of the solid content is less than about 1,000 g/mol, an ability to form a monolayer which will be described in more detail below, may be reduced. For example, a viscosity of the substrate treating composition may be lower than desired in the molecular weight of the solid content is less than about 1,000 g/mol.

The substrate treating composition may be used in a lithography process for fabricating a semiconductor device. The substrate treating composition may be used for surface treatment of the substrate prior to forming a photoresist pattern on the substrate.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for fabricating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. FIGS. 2, 4, 5 and 6 are cross-sectional views of a method for fabricating a semiconductor device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept. FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of area A in FIG. 2.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a substrate treating composition may be applied on a substrate 100 (S10). The substrate 100 may include a support substrate 102 and a lower layer 104 on the support substrate 102. The support substrate 102 may be a semiconductor substrate (for example, a silicon substrate, a germanium substrate, or a silicon-germanium substrate). The lower layer 104 may include a conductive layer and/or an insulating layer. The substrate treating composition may be applied on a surface 100S of the substrate 100, for example, by a spin coating method. The surface 100S of the substrate 100 may correspond to a surface of the lower layer 104 facing away from the support substrate 102. The substrate treating composition may be applied directly onto the surface 100S of the substrate 100. The upper portion of the lower layer 104, which is adjacent to the surface 100S of the substrate 100, may include a silicon oxide layer, a silicon nitride layer and/or a silicon oxynitride layer. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the lower layer 104 may be omitted. In this case, the substrate treating composition may be applied onto a surface of the support substrate 102. For example, the substrate treating composition may be applied directly onto a surface of the support substrate 102.

Referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, a bake process (B) may be performed to form a monolayer 110 on the substrate 100 (S20). By the bake process B, a dehydration-condensation reaction of the first monomer and the second monomer in the substrate treating composition may be carried out. Due to this, the monolayer 110 may be formed on the surface 100S of the substrate 100. The monolayer 110 may include the dehydration-condensation product of the first monomer and the second monomer. In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, a silicon atom of the first monomer (e.g., Si of Formula 1) may be bonded to a silicon atom of the substrate 100 via a Si—O bond by the reaction of R1 or R2 of Formula 1 with the silanol (Si—OH) of the substrate 100. A silicon atom of the second monomer (e.g., Si of Formula 7) may be bonded to a silicon atom of the substrate 100 via a Si—O bond by the reaction of R3 of Formula 7 with the silanol (Si—OH) of the substrate 100. A silicon atom of the first monomer (e.g., Si of Formula 1) and a silicon atom of the second monomer (e.g., Si of Formula 7) may be bonded to each other via a Si—O bond by the reaction of R1 or R2 of Formula 1 with R3 of Formula 7. A hydrophobic group of the first monomer (e.g., X of Formula 1) and a hydrophobic group of the second monomer (e.g., Y of Formula 7) need not participate in the dehydration-condensation reaction, but may be arranged in the monolayer 110. By the hydrophobic group of the first monomer (e.g., X of Formula 1) and a hydrophobic group of the second monomer (e.g., Y of Formula 7), the monolayer 110 may have hydrophobicity.

The bake process (B) may be performed, for example, at a temperature of from about 110° C. to about 240° C. The monolayer 110 may make direct contact with the surface 100S of the substrate 100. For example, the silicon atom in the monolayer 110 may be bonded to the silicon atom of the substrate 100 via a Si—O bond. A thickness 110T of the monolayer 110 may be about 3 nm or less.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device may include applying a composition including a first monomer and a second monomer on a substrate. The method may include performing a baking process to form the monolayer 110 on the substrate 100, in which the monolayer 110 is bonded to the substrate 100 by a Si—O bond (see, e.g., FIG. 3). The first monomer may be represented by Formula 1, and the second monomer may be represented by Formula 7, as described herein. The monolayer 110 may be formed directly on a surface (e.g., surface 100S) of the substrate 100 without an intervening layer between the monolayer 110 and the substrate 100.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 4, photoresist patterns 120 may be formed on the substrate 100 on which the monolayer 110 is provided (S30). The forming of the photoresist patterns 120 may include applying a photoresist layer on the substrate 100 on which the monolayer 110 is formed, and performing an exposing process and a developing process on the photoresist layer. A light source used in the exposing process may be, for example, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), and the developing process may be a positive-tone development (PTD) process or a negative-tone development (NTD) process.

To increase the adhesion of the photoresist patterns 120 to the substrate 100, an adhesion promoter may be provided between the substrate 100 and the photoresist patterns 120. Since, in the EUV lithography process, a function for controlling light reflectivity might not be used for the adhesion promoter, a subsequent etching process may be performed more efficiently if the thickness of the adhesion promoter is relatively small. Generally, in the EUV lithography process, an underlayer which is used as the adhesion promoter may be formed to a thickness of about 5 nm or more due to the limitation according to the thickness distribution of a material coated on the substrate 100. If an etching process using the photoresist patterns 120 as an etching mask is performed, the underlayer may become an etch burden during the etching process due to the relatively large thickness. Further, if at least a portion of the underlayer is not etched during the etching process and remains between the photoresist patterns 120, a bridge defect may be induced between patterns formed by pattering the substrate 100 by the etching process.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the monolayer 110 having hydrophobicity may be formed on the substrate 100 by using the substrate treating composition including the first monomer and the second monomer. The monolayer 110 may be formed to a thickness of about 3 nm or less. Since the monolayer 110 is hydrophobic, the monolayer 110 may function as the adhesion promoter between the substrate 100 and the photoresist patterns 120. In addition, since the monolayer 110 is formed to a relatively small thickness, the etching of the monolayer 110 during the etching process using the photoresist patterns 120 as an etching mask may be accurately performed. Accordingly, an occurrence of bridge defect between patterns formed by pattering the substrate 100 by the etching process may be reduced or eliminated.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 5, the substrate 100 may be patterned using the photoresist patterns 120 (S40). The patterning of the substrate 100 may include etching the monolayer 110 and the upper portion of the substrate 100 (e.g., the lower layer 104) using the photoresist patterns 120 as an etching mask. Accordingly, lower patterns 104P may be formed on the support substrate 102, and the remainder 110P of the monolayer 110 may be disposed between each of the photoresist patterns 120 and each of the lower patterns 104P. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the lower layer 104 may be omitted, and in this case, the patterning of the substrate 100 may include etching of the monolayer 110 and the upper portion of the substrate 100 (e.g., the upper portion of the support substrate 102) using the photoresist patterns 120 as an etching mask. In this case, the remainder 110P of the monolayer 110 may be disposed between each of the photoresist patterns 120 and each of the patterns in the support substrate 102. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, since the monolayer 110 is formed to a relatively small thickness, the etching of the monolayer 110 may be accurately performed in the etching process using the photoresist patterns 120 as an etching mask. Accordingly, an occurrence of a bridge defect between patterns formed (e.g., the lower patterns 104P or the patterns in the support substrate 102) may be reduced or eliminated by patterning the substrate 100 by the etching process.

Referring to FIG. 6, after forming the patterns (e.g., the lower patterns 104P or the patterns in the support substrate 102), the photoresist patterns 120 may be removed. The removing process of the photoresist patterns 120 may include ashing and/or stripping processes. The remainder 110P of the monolayer 110 may be removed by the removing process of the photoresist patterns 120.

Preparation Example of Substrate Treating Composition

A first monomer may be added to a solvent in a ratio shown below to prepare a solution.

TABLE 1 First Solvent Solution monomer PGEE PGMEA PGME DIW Amount ratio (wt %) 0.1 75 12 5 8

To the solution above, an acid and a second monomer may be added in ratios shown below to prepare a substrate treating composition. The acid may be maleic acid.

TABLE 2 Solution First monomer + Acid Second Composition Solvent Maleic acid monomer Amount ratio (wt %) 100 0.01 0.0005

The molecular weight of the solid content in the substrate treating composition may be about 2,000 g/mol. The solid content may refer to the total components in the composition excluding the solvent.

<Exemplary Surface Properties of Monolayer>

Example 1

A silicon substrate may be prepared. 1 ml of the substrate treating composition prepared by the Preparation Example above may be applied on a substrate, and a spin coating process may be performed in conditions of about 1,500 rpm/60 seconds. Then, a bake process may be performed at a temperature of about 110° C. to form a monolayer on the substrate. The contact angle of water with respect to a surface of the substrate on which the monolayer was formed may be measured.

Example 2

A silicon substrate on which a silicon nitride layer is formed may be prepared. 1 ml of the substrate treating composition prepared by the Preparation Example above may be applied on the silicon nitride layer, and a spin coating process may be performed in conditions of about 1,500 rpm/60 seconds. As in Example 1, a bake process may be performed to form a monolayer on the silicon nitride layer. The contact angle of water was with respect to a surface of the silicon nitride layer on which the monolayer was formed may be measured.

Comparative Example 1

A silicon substrate may be prepared. A separate coating film might not be formed on the substrate, and the contact angle of water with respect to a surface of the substrate may be measured.

Comparative Example 2

A substrate on which a silicon nitride layer is formed may be prepared. As in Comparative Example 1, a separate coating film might not be formed, and the contact angle of water with respect to a surface of the silicon nitride layer may be measured.

Comparative Example 3

A silicon substrate may be prepared. A conventional underlayer may be formed on the substrate, and the contact angle of water with respect to a surface of the substrate on which the underlayer was formed may be measured.

Exemplary Measurement of a Contact Angle of Water

TABLE 3 Substrate Coating film Contact angle of water Experimental Bare-Si Monolayer 62 degrees Example 1 Experimental SiON Monolayer 50 degrees Example 2 Comparative Bare-Si None <20 degrees Example 1 Comparative SiON None <20 degrees Example 2 Comparative Bare-Si Underlayer 58 degrees Example 3

From the exemplary measurements of the contact angle, the monolayer formed on the substrate using the substrate treating composition may be found to have hydrophobicity. Further, the degree of hydrophobicity of the monolayer may be increased when compared with the conventional underlayer.

<Evaluation of EUV Patterning>

Example 1

A silicon substrate on which a silicon nitride layer is formed may be prepared. The substrate treating composition prepared by the Preparation Example above may be applied on the silicon nitride layer, and a bake process may be performed at about 110° C. to form a monolayer. On the substrate on which the monolayer was formed, a photoresist layer may be coated. The photoresist layer may be exposed using an EUV stepper and developed to form a photoresist pattern. The size of the photoresist pattern may be about 16 nm. The collapse state of the photoresist pattern may be examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Example 2

The same procedure as Example 1 may be performed except for performing the bake process at about 240° C. during forming the monolayer.

Comparative Example 1

A substrate on which a silicon nitride layer is formed may be prepared. The silicon nitride layer may be treated with hexamethyldisilazene (HMDS), and a photoresist pattern may be formed on the substrate by the same procedure described in Example 1. The collapse state of the photoresist pattern may be examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Exemplary Collapse States

TABLE 4 Substrate treating Bake Pattern size composition temperature Test result Example 1 16 nm Used 110° C. Pattern good Example 2 16 nm Used 240° C. Pattern good Comparative 16 nm Unused — Pattern collapse Example 1

From the evaluation results of the photoresist pattern, it may be found that the pattern collapse of the photoresist pattern formed on the monolayer was not generated. For example, the monolayer may be found to have adhesion properties for the photoresist pattern.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, the substrate treating composition may include the first monomer, the second monomer, the acid and the solvent. Each of the first monomer and the second monomer may have a hydrophobic group. The molecular weight of the solid content excluding the solvent may be from about 1,000 g/mol to about 100,000 g/mol. The monolayer 110 may be formed by applying the substrate treating composition on the substrate 100 and performing the bake process (B).

Since the monolayer 110 is formed to have hydrophobicity, the monolayer 110 may function as the adhesion promoter between the substrate 100 and the photoresist patterns 120. Due to this, the collapse of the photoresist patterns 120 may be prevented.

In addition, since the monolayer 110 is formed to a relatively small thickness, the etching of the monolayer 110 in an etching process using the photoresist patterns 120 as an etching mask may be accurately performed. Thus, an occurrence of a bridge defect between patterns which were formed by patterning the substrate 100 by the etching process may be reduced or eliminated, and as a result, minute patterns having relatively small pitches may be accurately and reliably formed.

Accordingly, a substrate treating composition for forming a monolayer which may restrain the collapse of a resist pattern may be provided, and a method for fabricating a semiconductor device, by which minute patterns are accurately formed, may be provided.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept, a substrate treating composition for forming a monolayer which may restrain the collapse of a resist pattern may be provided, and a method for fabricating a semiconductor device, by which minute patterns may be accurately formed, may be provided.

While the present inventive concept has been shown and described with reference to the exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present inventive concept. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for fabricating a semiconductor device, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising a first monomer, a second monomer and an acid on a substrate; performing a baking process to form a monolayer on the substrate; and forming a photoresist pattern on the monolayer, wherein the first monomer is represented by Formula 1: X—Si(R1)₂(R2)  [Formula 1] wherein each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and X is i) a cyclic amine or an organic group comprising the same, or ii) an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group, a phenyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group or a hydroxyl group, an ester bond, or a combination thereof, the second monomer is represented by Formula 7: Y—Si(R3)₃  [Formula 7] wherein R3 is an alkoxy group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and Y is i) a cyclic amine or an organic group comprising the same, or ii) an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group, a sulfide bond, an ether bond, an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is bonded to a sulfonyl group, or a combination thereof, and the monolayer comprises a dehydration-condensation product of the first monomer and the second monomer.
 2. The method for fabricating a semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a silicon (Si) atom in the monolayer is bonded to a silicon (Si) atom in the substrate via a Si—O bond.
 3. The method for fabricating a semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the monolayer is hydrophobic.
 4. A method for fabricating a semiconductor device, the method comprising: applying a composition comprising a first monomer, a second monomer and an acid on a substrate; and performing a baking process to form a monolayer on the substrate, wherein the monolayer is bonded to the substrate by a Si—O bond, wherein the first monomer is represented by Formula 1: X—Si(R1)₂(R2)  [Formula 1] wherein each of R1 and R2 is an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and X is i) a cyclic amine or an organic group comprising the same, or ii) an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group, a phenyl group in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group or a hydroxyl group, an ester bond, or a combination thereof, the second monomer is represented by Formula 7: Y—Si(R3)₃  [Formula 7] wherein R3 is an alkoxy group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and Y is i) a cyclic amine or an organic group comprising the same, or ii) an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, in which at least one hydrogen atom is substituted with an amino group, a sulfide bond, an ether bond, an alkyl group of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which is bonded to a sulfonyl group, or a combination thereof.
 5. The method for fabricating a semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein a silicon (Si) atom in the monolayer is bonded to a silicon (Si) atom in the substrate via a Si—O bond.
 6. The method for fabricating a semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the monolayer is hydrophobic.
 7. The method for fabricating a semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein a thickness of the monolayer is about 3 nm or less.
 8. The method for fabricating a semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the composition further comprises a solvent, the acid comprised in the composition is a carboxylic acid, and a molecular weight of a solid content of the composition excluding the solvent is from about 1,000 g/mol to about 50,000 g/mol.
 9. The method for fabricating a semiconductor device of claim 4, wherein the monolayer is formed directly on a surface of the substrate without an intervening layer between the monolayer and the substrate. 